Peer-reviewed Primary Papers on Biology


  1. Levin, Michael, "A Julia set model of field-directed morphogenesis", (1994), Computer Applications in the Biosciences, 10(2): 85-103 PDF paper full text PDF figures
  2. Levin, Michael, and Ernst, Susan G., (1995), "AC magnetic field effects on early sea urchin development", Bioelectromagnetics, 16: 231-240 PDF full text
  3. Levin, Michael, R. L. Johnson, C. D. Stern, M. Kuehn, and C. Tabin, (1995), "A molecular pathway determining left-right asymmetry in chick embryogenesis", Cell, 82: 1-20 PDF full text
  4. Levin, Michael, D. Roberts, L. Holmes, and C. Tabin, (1996), "Laterality defects in Conjoined Twins", Nature, 385: 321- PDF full text
  5. Levin, Michael, and Susan G. Ernst, (1997), "DC magnetic field effects on early sea urchin development", Bioelectromagnetics, 18(3): 255-263 PDF full text
  6. Levin, Michael, S. Pagan, D. Roberts, J. Cooke, M. Kuehn, and C. Tabin, (1997), "Left/Right patterning signals and the independent regulation of different aspects of situs in the chick embryo", Developmental Biology, 189: 57-67 PDF full text
  7. Levin, Michael, and N. Nascone, (1997), "Two models of initial Left-Right Asymmetry Determination", Medical Hypotheses, 49: 429-435 PDF full text
  8. Levin, Michael, (1998), "Follistatin mimics the endogenous streak inhibitory activity in early chick embryos", International Journal of Developmental Biology, 42: 553-559 PDF full text of paper PDF figures
  9. Levin, Michael, and M. Mercola, (1998), "Gap junctions are involved in the early generation of left right asymmetry", Developmental Biology, 203(1): 90-105 PDF full text
  10. Levin, Michael, and M. Mercola, (1998), "Events upstream of asymmetrical Nodal expression: reconciling the chick and frog", Developmental Genetics, 23(3): 185-193 PDF full text
  11. Levin, Michael, (1999), "Twinning and embryonic left-right asymmetry", Laterality, 4(3): 197-208 PDF full text
  12. L. Zhu, M. J. Marvin, A. Gardiner, A. B. Lassar, M. Mercola, C. D. Stern, and M. Levin, (1999), "Cerberus regulates left/right asymmetry of the embryonic head and heart", Current Biology, 9(17): 931-938 PDF full text
  13. Levin, Michael, and M. Mercola, (1999), "Gap Junction-Mediated Transfer of Left-Right Patterning Signals in the Early Chick Blastoderm is Upstream of Shh Asymmetry in the Node", Development, 126: 4703-4714 PDF full text
  14. Levin, Michael, and M. Mercola, (2000), Expression of Connexin30 in Xenopus embryos and its involvement in hatching gland function, Developmental Dynamics, 219(1): 96-101 PDF full text
  15. Levin, Michael, T. Thorlin, K. Robinson, T. Nogi, and M. Mercola, (2002), "H+/K+-ATPase activity comprises an early step of left-right asymmetry during development", Cell, 111: 77-89 PDF full text
  16. J. Rutenberg, S. M. Cheng, and M. Levin, (2002), "Early embryonic expression of ion channels and pumps in chick and Xenopus embryogenesis", Developmental Dynamics, 225(4): 469-484 PDF full text
  17. S. M. Cheng, I. Chen, and M. Levin, (2002), "Katp channel activity is required for hatching in Xenopus", Developmental Dynamics, 225(4): 588-591 PDF full text
  18. Bunney, T. D., De Boer, A. H., and M. Levin, (2003), Fusicoccin signaling reveals 14-3-3 protein function as a novel step in left-right patterning during amphibian embryogenesis, Development, 130: 4847-4858 PDF full text
  19. Levin, M., (2004), "A novel immunohistochemical method for evaluation of antibody specificity and detection of labile targets in biological tissue", Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Methods, 58: 85-96 PDF full text
  20. Fukumoto, T., and Levin, M., (2005), "Asymmetric expression of Syndecan-2 in early chick embryogenesis", MOD: Gene Expression Patterns, 5: 525-528 PDF full text
  21. Fukumoto, T., Kema, I., and Levin, M., (2005), "Serotonin signaling is a very early step in patterning of the left-right axis in chick and frog embryos", Current Biology, 15: 794-803 PDF full text
  22. Nogi, T., Yuan, Y., Sorocco, D., Perez-Tomas, R., and M. Levin, (2005), "Eye regeneration assay reveals an invariant functional left-right asymmetry in the early bilaterian, Dugesia japonica", Laterality, 10(1): 193-205 PDF full text
  23. Qiu, D., Cheng, S.M., Wozniak, L., McSweeney, M., Perrone, E., and Levin, M., (2005), "Localization and loss-of-function implicates ciliary proteins in early, cytoplasmic roles in left-right asymmetry", Developmental Dynamics, 234: 176-189 PDF full text
  24. Shin, J-B., Adams, D., Paukert, M., Siba, M., Sidi, S., Levin, M., Gillespie, P. G., and Grunder, S., (2005), "Xenopus TRPN1 (NOMPC) localizes to microtubule-based cilia in epithelial cells", P.N.A.S., 102(35): 12572-12577 PDF full text
  25. Gamer L. W., Nove J., Levin M., Rosen V., (2005), "BMP-3 is a novel inhibitor of both activin and BMP-4 signaling in Xenopus embryos",Developmental Biology, 285(1): 156-68 PDF full text
  26. Nogi, T., and Levin, M., (2005), "Characterization of innexin gene expression and functional roles of gap-junctional communication in planarian regeneration", Developmental Biology, 287: 314-335 PDF full text
  27. Fukumoto, T., Blakely, R., and Levin, M., (2005), "Serotonin transporters are a conserved, early mechanism in left-right patterning",Developmental Neuroscience, 27(6): 349 - 363 PDF full text
  28. Hibino, T., I. Yuichiro, Levin, M., and Nishino, A., (2006), "Ion flow regulates left-right asymmetry in sea urchin development", Development, Genes and Evolution, 216(5): 265-76 PDF full text
  29. Shimeld, S. M., and Levin, M., (2006), "Evidence for the regulation of left-right asymmetry in Ciona intestinalis by ion flux", Developmental Dynamics, 235(6): 1543-1553 PDF full text
  30. Adams DS, Robinson KR, Fukumoto T, Yuan S, Yelick P, Kuo L, McSweeney M, Levin M., (2006), "The V-ATPase generates asymmetric H+ flux required for correct LR asymmetry in chick and frog embryos", Development, 133: 1657-1671 PDF full text
  31. Hicks, C., Sorocco, D., and Levin, M., (2006), "Automated Analysis of Behavior: A Computer-Controlled System for Drug Screening and the Investigation of Learning", Journal of Neurobiology, 66(9): 977-90 PDF full text
  32. Esser, A. T., Smith, K. C., Weaver, J. C., and Levin, M., (2006), "A Mathematical Model of Morphogen Electrophoresis through Gap Junctions", Developmental Dynamics, 235: 2144-2159 PDF full text
  33. Adams, D. S., and Levin, M., (2006), "Inverse Drug Screens: a rapid and inexpensive method for implicating molecular targets", Genesis, 44: 530-540 PDF full text
  34. Tseng, A-S., Adams, D. S., Qiu, D., Koustubhan, P., (2007), "Apoptosis is required during early stages of tail regeneration in Xenopus laevis", Developmental Biology, 301: 62-69
  35. Adams, D. S., Masi, A., and Levin, M. (2007), "H+ Pump-dependent changes in membrane voltage are an early mechanism necessary and sufficient to induce tail regeneration", Development, 134: 1323-1335 PDF full text
  36. Oviedo, N. J., Levin, M., (2007), "smedxin-11 is a Planarian Stem Cell Gap Junction Gene Required for Regeneration and Homeostasis", Development, 134: 3121-3131 PDF full text
  37. Aw, S., Adams, D. S., Qiu, D., and Levin, M., (2007), “H,K-ATPase protein localization and Kir4.1 function reveal concordance of 3 axes during early determination of left-right asymmetry”, Mechanisms of Development, 125: 353-372
  38. Morokuma, J., Blackiston, D., and Levin, M., (2008), “KCNQ1 and KCNE1 K+ channel components are involved in early left-right patterning in Xenopus embryos”, Cellular Physiology and Biophysics, 21: 345-360
  39. Oviedo, N. J., B. J. Pearson, M. Levin, and A. S. Alvarado, (2008), “Planarian PTEN homologs regulate stem cells and regeneration through TOR signaling”, Disease Models and Mechanisms, 1: 131-143
  40. Morokuma, J., Blackiston, D., Adams, D. S., Trimmer, B., and Levin, M., (2008), “Modulation of potassium channel confers a hyper-proliferative, invasive phenotype on embryonic stem cells”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, in press

Peer-reviewed Primary Papers on Computer Science/Mathematics:
  1. Levin, Michael, (1994), "Discontinuous and alternate q-system fractals", Computers and Graphics, 18(6): 873-884 PDF full text
  2. Levin, Michael, (1995), "Use of Genetic Algorithms to solve biomedical Problems", M.D. Computing, 12(3): 193-198 PDF full text
  3. Levin, Michael, (1995), "A genetic algorithm model of the evolution of animal communication", BioSystems, 36: 167-178 PDF full text

Peer-reviewed Book Chapters and Reviews on Biology

  1. Levin, Michael, "Current and potential applications of bioelectromagnetics in medicine", (1993), ISSEEM Journal, 4(1): 77-87 PDF full text
  2. Levin, Michael, (1995), "Locating putative protein signal sequences using genetic algorithms", in Applications Handbook of Genetic Algorithms, Vol. 2, pp. 53-66, CRC Press: FL PDF full text
  3. Levin, Michael, (1997), "Left-Right Asymmetry in Embryonic Morphogenesis", BioEssays, 19(4): 287-296
  4. Levin, Michael, (1998), "Left-Right asymmetry and the chick embryo", Seminars in Developmental Biology, 9: 67-76 PDF full text
  5. Levin, Michael, and M. Mercola, (1998), "The compulsion of chirality", Genes & Development, 12: 763-769 PDF full text
  6. Levin, Michael, (1999), "Left-right asymmetry in animal embryogenesis", in Advances in Biochirality, edited by G. Palyi, C. Zucchi, and L. Caglioti, ch. 12, p. 137-152, Elsevier: Amsterdam PDF full text
  7. Levin, Michael, (1999), "Endogenous electromagnetic fields and radiations in regeneration, development, and neoplasm", Proceedings of the First World Congress on the Effects of Electricity and Magnetism in the Natural World, Madeira, Portugal
  8. M. Mercola, and M. Levin, (2001), "Left-Right asymmetry determination in vertebrates", Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, 17: 779-805 PDF full text
  9. Levin, Michael, (2001), "Asymmetry of Body and Brain: Embryological and Twin Studies". In: Smelser N, Baltes P (eds.) International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier, Oxford, UK, pp. 853-9 PDF full text
  10. Levin, Michael, (2002), "Gap-junctional communication and embryonic development", Journal of Membrane Biology, 185 (3): 177-192 PDF full text
  11. Levin, Michael, (2003), "Left-Right Asymmetry in Amphibian Embryogenesis", in Developmental Biology, Vol. 6 of Biology of the Amphibia, edited by Harold Heatwole and Brenda Brizuela
  12. M. Levin, (2003), "Electromagnetic fields in morphogenesis", Bioelectromagnetics, 24: 295-315 PDF full text
  13. M. Levin, (2003), "Motor protein control of ion flux is an early step in embryonic Left-Right asymmetry", BioEssays, 25(10): 1002-1010 PDF full text
  14. Levin, M., (2004), "The embryonic origins of left-right asymmetry", Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine, 15(4): 197-206 PDF full text
  15. Adams, D. S., and Levin, M. (2004). "Early Patterning of the Left/Right Axis". In Gastrulation: from cells to embryo (C. D. Stern, Ed.), pp. 403-417. Cold Spring Harbor, New York. PDF full text
  16. Levin, M., (2005), "Left-right asymmetry in embryonic development: a comprehensive review", Mechanisms of Development, 122(1): 3-25 PDF full text
  17. Adams, D., and Levin, M., (2006), "Strategies and techniques for investigation of biophysical signals in patterning", in Analysis of Growth Factor Signaling in Embryos, M. Whitman and A. K. Sater eds., pp. 177-214, Methods in Signal Transduction Series, CRC Press
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  18. Levin, M., Lauder, J., and Buznikov, G., (2006), "Of minds and embryos: serotonin signaling as a pre-nervous morphogenetic mechanism", Developmental Neuroscience, 28:171-185 PDF full text
  19. Koustubhan, P., Sorocco, D., and Levin, M., (2007), "Establishing and Maintaining a Xenopus laevis colony for research laboratories", in Source Book of Models for Biomedical Research, M. Conn ed., Humana Press
  20. Levin, M., (2006), "Is the Early Left-Right Axis like a Plant, a Kidney, or a Neuron? The Integration of Physiological Signals in Left-Right Asymmetry", Birth Defects Research (Part C), 78: 191-223; PDF full text not permitted.
  21. Levin, M., Palmer, R., (2007), "Left-right patterning from the inside out", BioEssays, 29: 271-287 full text
  22. Oviedo, N., and Levin, M., (2007), "Gap junctions provide new links in Left-Right patterning", Cell, 129: 645-647
  23. Levin, M., (2007), "Gap junctional signaling in morphogenesis", Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 94 (1-2): 186-206 full text
  24. Levin, M., (2007), "Large-Scale Biophysics: Ion Flows and Regeneration", Trends in Cell Biology, 17(6): 262-271 full text
  25. Ingber, D., and Levin, M. (2007), "The regenerative medicine pipeline: developmental biology, stem cells and tissue engineering", Development, 134: 2541-2547
  26. Oviedo, N., and Levin, M. (2007), “Gap junctions provide new links in Left-Right patterning”, Cell, 129: 645-647
  27. Oviedo, N., and Levin, M., (2008), “The planarian regeneration model as a context for the study of drug effects and mechanisms”, in Planaria: A Model for Drug Action and Abuse, Raffa RB & Rawls SM (eds), RG Landes Co.: Austin
  28. Nicolas, C.L., Abramson, C.I., and Levin, M. (2008), “Analysis of behavior in the planarian model”, in Planaria: A Model for Drug Action and Abuse, Raffa RB & Rawls SM (eds), RG Landes Co.: Austin
  29. Aw, S., and Levin, M., (2008), “What’s Left in Asymmetry?”, Developmental Dynamics, in press
  30. Oviedo, N., Nicolas, C. L., Adams, D. S., and Levin, M. (2008), “Planarians: a versatile and powerful model system for molecular studies of regeneration, adult stem cell regulation, aging, and behavior”, in Emerging Model Organisms, Cold Spring Harbor Press full text
  31. Tseng, A-S., and Levin, M., (2008), “Tail regeneration in Xenopus laevis as a model for understanding tissue repair”, Journal of Dental Research, 87(9): 806-816
  32. Oviedo, N. J., Pearson B. J., Levin, M., and Alvarado A. S., (2008), "Planarian PTEN homologs regulate stem cells and regeneration through TOR signaling", Disease Models and Mechanisms, in press
Abstracts

  1. Levin, Michael, Gonzalez, Jorge L., and Ernst, Susan G., (1991), "DC and AC magnetic field effects on early sea-urchin development", Biological Bulletin, 181: 511-
  2. Pagan S. M., Levin M., Tabin C., (1997), From left-right asymmetric gene expression to its morphological manifestations, Journal of Morphology, 232(3): 306
  3. Levin, Michael, and M. Mercola, (1999), "Gap junction-mediated transfer of left-right patterning signals", Molecular Biology of the Cell, 39: 1
  4. Levin, Michael, (2003), "Electric Embryos: Endogenous Ion Fluxes and Voltage Gradients in Left—Right Asymmetry", Developmental Biology, 259: 482
  5. Adams, D., and Levin, Michael, (2003), "Elements of Left—Right Patterning: Gap Junctions, pH, and Membrane Voltage", Developmental Biology, 259: 482
  6. Fukumoto, T., and Levin, Michael, (2003), "Serotonin Is a Novel Very Early Signaling Mechanism in left—right Asymmetry", Developmental Biology, 259: 490
  7. Nogi, T., Adams, D., and Levin, Michael, (2003), "Electrical Controls of Regeneration in Planaria", Developmental Biology, 259: 586
  8. Chen, I., and Levin, Michael, (2004). "The Role of KATP Channels in Development of Left-Right Asymmetry in Xenopus", Journal of Dental Research., 83: A1340.